What do we call rocks and sediments that transmit water easily?

The term used to refer to rocks and sediments that transmit water easily is "aquifers." An aquifer is a geological formation that can store and allow the flow of groundwater, making it a crucial component of the hydrological cycle and an important resource for freshwater supply.

Aquifers are typically composed of permeable materials, such as sand, gravel, or fractured rock, that facilitate the movement of water through interconnected pore spaces or fissures. The effectiveness of an aquifer in transmitting water is largely determined by its porosity and permeability, meaning that the ability of a rock or sediment to hold water (porosity) and the ease with which water can flow through it (permeability) are key characteristics of aquifers.

Other terms mentioned in the question refer to related aspects of groundwater and water availability but do not directly describe the geological formations that transmit water. For instance, the water table is the upper surface of the saturated zone in soil or rock, beneath which all the voids are filled with water. Springs are locations where groundwater naturally flows to the Earth's surface, often associated with aquifers but not a direct description of the geological formations themselves. Lastly, porosity is the measure of void spaces in a material, which contributes to identifying aquifers