What effect do surface waves have on the ground during an earthquake?

Surface waves are a type of seismic wave that travels along the Earth's exterior and are known for causing the most severe shaking during an earthquake. These waves can cause the ground to roll and move both laterally and vertically, leading to the characteristic undulating motion that is often felt during seismic events. This rolling motion is a result of the unique way surface waves propagate, primarily affecting the land surface and structures built upon it.

While other options may suggest certain effects associated with seismic activity, they do not accurately represent the behavior of surface waves. For example, surface waves do not primarily create abrupt changes in pressure, nor do they exclusively affect deep underground layers. Their influence is most profound at the ground level, where they can cause significant damage to buildings, roads, and other structures. Furthermore, it is incorrect to state that they have no significant impact, as their destructive potential during an earthquake is well-documented. Understanding the nature of surface waves is crucial for assessing and mitigating the effects of earthquakes on populated areas.